CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The following table provides summary statistics for contract job vacancies with a requirement for CSS skills. Included is a benchmarking guide to the contractor rates offered in vacancies that have cited CSS over the 6 months to 20 May 2024 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years.

6 months to
20 May 2024
Same period 2023 Same period 2022
Rank 102 87 63
Rank change year-on-year -15 -24 -7
Contract jobs citing CSS 921 1,521 3,256
As % of all contract jobs advertised in the UK 2.17% 2.66% 3.69%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 10.34% 11.47% 13.66%
Number of daily rates quoted 642 1,107 2,372
10th Percentile £313 £325 £363
25th Percentile £413 £413 £425
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £493 £500 £525
Median % change year-on-year -1.50% -4.76% +16.67%
75th Percentile £588 £625 £638
90th Percentile £699 £713 £725
UK excluding London median daily rate £450 £450 £475
% change year-on-year - -5.26% +18.75%
Number of hourly rates quoted 24 19 43
10th Percentile £31.24 £21.00 £23.50
25th Percentile £40.00 £31.63 £39.75
Median hourly rate £56.75 £50.05 £57.00
Median % change year-on-year +13.39% -12.19% +42.50%
75th Percentile £70.00 £73.75 £67.43
90th Percentile - £85.00 £75.75
UK excluding London median hourly rate £62.50 £49.53 £55.50
% change year-on-year +26.20% -10.77% +44.61%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS is in the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. The following table is for comparison with the above and provides summary statistics for all contract job vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Contract vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 8,906 13,255 23,828
As % of all contract IT jobs advertised in the UK 20.94% 23.15% 26.98%
Number of daily rates quoted 6,185 9,676 17,493
10th Percentile £350 £400 £400
25th Percentile £425 £463 £463
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £535 £550 £550
Median % change year-on-year -2.73% - +10.00%
75th Percentile £650 £675 £663
90th Percentile £775 £775 £750
UK excluding London median daily rate £500 £500 £500
% change year-on-year - - +12.36%
Number of hourly rates quoted 247 144 238
10th Percentile £21.25 £25.75 £22.35
25th Percentile £43.00 £50.00 £35.00
Median hourly rate £47.50 £65.00 £50.00
Median % change year-on-year -26.92% +30.00% +11.11%
75th Percentile £65.00 £75.00 £65.71
90th Percentile £74.46 £80.25 £76.75
UK excluding London median hourly rate £47.50 £65.00 £50.00
% change year-on-year -26.92% +30.00% +11.11%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Daily Rate Trend

3-month moving average daily rate quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Daily rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Daily Rate Histogram

Daily rate distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 20 May 2024.

Daily rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Hourly Rate Trend

3-month moving average hourly rates quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Hourly rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Hourly Rate Histogram

Hourly rate distribution of jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 20 May 2024.

Hourly rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Contract Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median contractor rates quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 20 May 2024. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Contract
IT Job Ads
Median
Daily Rate
Past 6 Months
Median Daily Rate
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -17 747 £500 - 1,076
London -2 445 £525 -5.83% 387
Work from Home -3 391 £498 +2.58% 595
UK excluding London -25 338 £450 - 796
South East +6 88 £380 -7.88% 174
North of England -47 72 £450 - 204
Scotland +23 52 £458 -4.19% 45
North West -38 43 £450 -7.22% 113
South West +5 42 £524 +16.44% 92
Midlands -32 39 £425 - 172
East of England +11 32 £475 +5.56% 77
Yorkshire -17 26 £429 -4.72% 67
West Midlands -1 21 £500 +14.29% 103
East Midlands -10 18 £225 -47.06% 68
Northern Ireland - 7 - - 16
Wales +13 6 £450 +7.46% 28
North East +1 3 £405 -23.58% 24

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 66 (7.17%) CMS
2 32 (3.47%) Confluence
2 32 (3.47%) SharePoint
3 25 (2.71%) nginx
4 18 (1.95%) Headless CMS
5 14 (1.52%) Apache
5 14 (1.52%) WordPress
6 11 (1.19%) Adobe Experience Manager
7 8 (0.87%) Drupal
7 8 (0.87%) IIS
7 8 (0.87%) Kentico
7 8 (0.87%) Umbraco
8 7 (0.76%) SharePoint 2010
8 7 (0.76%) SharePoint Server
9 3 (0.33%) Skype for Business
9 3 (0.33%) Tomcat
10 2 (0.22%) Gunicorn
10 2 (0.22%) Microsoft Exchange
10 2 (0.22%) Moodle
11 1 (0.11%) EPiServer
Applications
1 15 (1.63%) Photoshop
2 12 (1.30%) Adobe Illustrator
3 11 (1.19%) Microsoft Excel
3 11 (1.19%) Sketch
4 9 (0.98%) InVision
5 8 (0.87%) Adobe XD
5 8 (0.87%) Microsoft Office
6 6 (0.65%) Adobe After Effects
6 6 (0.65%) Microsoft PowerPoint
7 5 (0.54%) Adobe Creative Suite
8 1 (0.11%) 3ds Max
8 1 (0.11%) Blender
8 1 (0.11%) Chatbot
8 1 (0.11%) Elementor
8 1 (0.11%) InDesign
8 1 (0.11%) MS Visio
Business Applications
1 10 (1.09%) Dynamics CRM
2 9 (0.98%) Shopify
3 5 (0.54%) Magento
3 5 (0.54%) Salesforce CRM
4 4 (0.43%) NetSuite
5 3 (0.33%) Maximo
5 3 (0.33%) Payment Gateway
6 2 (0.22%) Adobe Campaign
6 2 (0.22%) Unica
6 2 (0.22%) WebTrends
7 1 (0.11%) SAP GRC
7 1 (0.11%) Workfront
Cloud Services
1 182 (19.76%) Azure
2 158 (17.16%) AWS
3 73 (7.93%) Azure DevOps
4 47 (5.10%) Power Platform
5 46 (4.99%) GCP
6 43 (4.67%) GitHub
7 41 (4.45%) Azure Service Bus
8 38 (4.13%) Figma
9 33 (3.58%) Power Automate
10 25 (2.71%) Serverless
11 24 (2.61%) AWS Elastic Beanstalk
11 24 (2.61%) Azure Cosmos DB
11 24 (2.61%) Entra ID
12 23 (2.50%) PowerApps
13 21 (2.28%) Dynamics 365
14 19 (2.06%) SaaS
15 17 (1.85%) Amazon S3
15 17 (1.85%) Azure Monitor
16 16 (1.74%) Microsoft 365
16 16 (1.74%) npm
Communications & Networking
1 32 (3.47%) HTTP
2 23 (2.50%) Intranet
3 18 (1.95%) Firewall
4 17 (1.85%) VPN
5 16 (1.74%) Software-Defined Radio
6 15 (1.63%) SNMP
7 8 (0.87%) DNS
8 7 (0.76%) TCP/IP
9 5 (0.54%) VoIP
10 3 (0.33%) MQTT
10 3 (0.33%) Skype
11 2 (0.22%) FTP
11 2 (0.22%) Internet
12 1 (0.11%) DHCP
12 1 (0.11%) HbbTV
12 1 (0.11%) Network Security
12 1 (0.11%) SSH
12 1 (0.11%) VLAN
Database & Business Intelligence
1 103 (11.18%) SQL Server
2 56 (6.08%) MySQL
3 45 (4.89%) PostgreSQL
4 43 (4.67%) MongoDB
5 36 (3.91%) Relational Database
6 31 (3.37%) NoSQL
7 25 (2.71%) Power BI
8 18 (1.95%) Oracle Database
8 18 (1.95%) Redis
9 13 (1.41%) Elasticsearch
10 12 (1.30%) Amazon Aurora
11 10 (1.09%) BigQuery
11 10 (1.09%) Metadata
12 7 (0.76%) MariaDB
12 7 (0.76%) PowerPivot
12 7 (0.76%) SQL Server Reporting Services
12 7 (0.76%) Triplestore
13 6 (0.65%) Microsoft Power View
13 6 (0.65%) Tableau
14 5 (0.54%) Looker
Development Applications
1 168 (18.24%) Git
2 74 (8.03%) JIRA
3 36 (3.91%) Jenkins
4 30 (3.26%) webpack
5 28 (3.04%) Bitbucket
6 20 (2.17%) Cypress.io
6 20 (2.17%) GitLab
7 18 (1.95%) Robot Framework
8 17 (1.85%) Eclipse
9 16 (1.74%) Visual Studio Code
10 15 (1.63%) GoogleTest
10 15 (1.63%) Selenium
11 13 (1.41%) Storybook
12 12 (1.30%) git-flow
13 11 (1.19%) TeamCity
14 8 (0.87%) Maven
14 8 (0.87%) Postman
15 7 (0.76%) Babel
15 7 (0.76%) Jasmine
15 7 (0.76%) Visual Studio
General
1 201 (21.82%) Social Skills
2 143 (15.53%) Finance
3 88 (9.55%) Analytical Skills
4 86 (9.34%) Public Sector
5 70 (7.60%) Banking
6 65 (7.06%) Marketing
7 20 (2.17%) Presentation Skills
7 20 (2.17%) Retail
8 19 (2.06%) Telecoms
9 18 (1.95%) Front Office
10 17 (1.85%) Publishing
11 15 (1.63%) Investment Banking
12 12 (1.30%) Inclusion and Diversity
13 11 (1.19%) Advertising
13 11 (1.19%) Back Office
14 8 (0.87%) Automotive
14 8 (0.87%) Manufacturing
14 8 (0.87%) Tech for Good
15 7 (0.76%) Aerospace
16 6 (0.65%) Electronics
Job Titles
1 617 (66.99%) Developer
2 132 (14.33%) Full Stack Developer
3 121 (13.14%) Senior
4 118 (12.81%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
5 83 (9.01%) React Developer
6 79 (8.58%) Senior Developer
7 47 (5.10%) Software Engineer
8 44 (4.78%) Lead
9 43 (4.67%) Java Developer
10 42 (4.56%) .NET Developer
11 41 (4.45%) Designer
12 37 (4.02%) JavaScript Developer
12 37 (4.02%) Software Developer
13 36 (3.91%) Full Stack Engineer
14 34 (3.69%) UI Developer
15 29 (3.15%) Angular Developer
15 29 (3.15%) Senior Front-End Developer
16 28 (3.04%) Architect
16 28 (3.04%) Java Engineer
17 26 (2.82%) JavaScript Engineer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 804 (87.30%) HTML
2 370 (40.17%) React
3 180 (19.54%) AngularJS
4 173 (18.78%) Node.js
5 163 (17.70%) .NET
6 150 (16.29%) REST
7 113 (12.27%) HTML5
8 87 (9.45%) Sass
9 83 (9.01%) ASP.NET
10 78 (8.47%) jQuery
11 74 (8.03%) Web Services
12 73 (7.93%) CSS3
13 69 (7.49%) XML
14 67 (7.27%) RESTful
14 67 (7.27%) Vue
15 64 (6.95%) .NET Core
16 58 (6.30%) Spring
17 55 (5.97%) JSON
18 46 (4.99%) GraphQL
19 43 (4.67%) Laravel
Miscellaneous
1 48 (5.21%) Product Ownership
2 25 (2.71%) Fixed Income
2 25 (2.71%) Mobile App
3 22 (2.39%) Data Structures
4 19 (2.06%) Self-Motivation
5 18 (1.95%) Greenfield Project
5 18 (1.95%) Legacy Systems
6 16 (1.74%) Management Information System
7 15 (1.63%) CMDB
7 15 (1.63%) Enterprise Software
7 15 (1.63%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
8 14 (1.52%) Algorithms
9 13 (1.41%) Derivative
10 12 (1.30%) Hedge funds
10 12 (1.30%) Public Cloud
11 10 (1.09%) Cloud Native
11 10 (1.09%) Marketing Technology
12 9 (0.98%) Animation
13 8 (0.87%) Data Protection Act
13 8 (0.87%) Distributed Systems
Operating Systems
1 71 (7.71%) Linux
2 37 (4.02%) Unix
3 23 (2.50%) Windows
4 12 (1.30%) Android
4 12 (1.30%) Apple iOS
5 8 (0.87%) Windows Server
6 4 (0.43%) CentOS
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2016
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2019
7 2 (0.22%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Processes & Methodologies
1 334 (36.26%) Agile
2 222 (24.10%) Full Stack Development
3 178 (19.33%) Front End Development
4 172 (18.68%) User Experience
5 164 (17.81%) Problem-Solving
6 159 (17.26%) DevOps
7 153 (16.61%) Web Development
8 144 (15.64%) CI/CD
9 126 (13.68%) Software Engineering
10 107 (11.62%) TDD
11 98 (10.64%) Scrum
12 91 (9.88%) Test Automation
13 90 (9.77%) MVC
14 89 (9.66%) Microservices
15 80 (8.69%) UX Design
16 78 (8.47%) Computer Science
17 59 (6.41%) Clean Code
18 57 (6.19%) OO
19 55 (5.97%) Analytics
20 54 (5.86%) Prototyping
Programming Languages
1 701 (76.11%) JavaScript
2 283 (30.73%) TypeScript
3 176 (19.11%) Java
4 164 (17.81%) SQL
5 159 (17.26%) C#
6 100 (10.86%) Python
7 73 (7.93%) PHP
8 47 (5.10%) PowerShell
9 33 (3.58%) Bicep
10 27 (2.93%) C++
11 19 (2.06%) Bash
12 17 (1.85%) Shell Script
13 14 (1.52%) T-SQL
14 12 (1.30%) Ruby
15 11 (1.19%) Apex Code
16 10 (1.09%) C
17 9 (0.98%) Go
18 8 (0.87%) Kotlin
18 8 (0.87%) Perl
18 8 (0.87%) PL/SQL
Qualifications
1 106 (11.51%) Security Cleared
2 98 (10.64%) Degree
3 93 (10.10%) SC Cleared
4 58 (6.30%) Computer Science Degree
5 13 (1.41%) Master's Degree
6 11 (1.19%) BPSS Clearance
7 7 (0.76%) ITIL Certification
7 7 (0.76%) PMP
8 6 (0.65%) Azure Certification
8 6 (0.65%) CTC Cleared
9 5 (0.54%) DV Cleared
10 4 (0.43%) Numerate Degree
10 4 (0.43%) PMI Certification
11 3 (0.33%) Microsoft Certification
12 2 (0.22%) CISSP
12 2 (0.22%) MCSD
12 2 (0.22%) MCSE
12 2 (0.22%) OCP
12 2 (0.22%) Oracle Certification
13 1 (0.11%) CISM
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 94 (10.21%) Accessibility
2 46 (4.99%) QA
3 35 (3.80%) WCAG
4 9 (0.98%) Data Quality
4 9 (0.98%) GDPR
5 4 (0.43%) GRC
6 3 (0.33%) NIST
6 3 (0.33%) SLA
7 2 (0.22%) Disclosure Scotland
7 2 (0.22%) HIPAA
8 1 (0.11%) HL7
8 1 (0.11%) ISO 20022
8 1 (0.11%) MiFID
System Software
1 43 (4.67%) Active Directory
2 40 (4.34%) Docker
3 16 (1.74%) Firmware
4 9 (0.98%) VMware Infrastructure
5 2 (0.22%) Hyper-V
5 2 (0.22%) NFS
5 2 (0.22%) VirtualBox
Systems Management
1 33 (3.58%) Kubernetes
2 19 (2.06%) Single Sign-On
2 19 (2.06%) Terraform
3 10 (1.09%) Kibana
4 7 (0.76%) Grafana
5 6 (0.65%) Ansible
6 5 (0.54%) logstash
7 4 (0.43%) Opsgenie
7 4 (0.43%) Puppet
8 3 (0.33%) Netcool
8 3 (0.33%) PingFederate
9 2 (0.22%) Active Directory Federation Services
9 2 (0.22%) Prometheus
9 2 (0.22%) systemd
10 1 (0.11%) Progress Chef
10 1 (0.11%) RSA Archer
10 1 (0.11%) Zipkin
Vendors
1 108 (11.73%) Microsoft
2 48 (5.21%) Google
3 46 (4.99%) Adobe
4 42 (4.56%) ServiceNow
5 36 (3.91%) Oracle
6 23 (2.50%) Atlassian
7 22 (2.39%) Salesforce
7 22 (2.39%) SAP
8 14 (1.52%) Optimizely
9 9 (0.98%) Salesforce Marketing Cloud
9 9 (0.98%) VMware
10 7 (0.76%) Red Hat
10 7 (0.76%) Splunk
11 6 (0.65%) dotdigital
12 5 (0.54%) Blue Prism
12 5 (0.54%) Dynatrace
12 5 (0.54%) Ensighten
12 5 (0.54%) Monetate
12 5 (0.54%) Tealium
12 5 (0.54%) Xamarin